25.11.2009 | 04:41
Yfirlýsing til vina okkar á Íslandi - To our friends in Iceland
Yfirlýsing bandarísku hagfræðinganna James K. Galbraith og William K. Black frá 18. nóvember 2009 vegna skýrslu Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðsins um íslenskt efnahagslíf.
Galbraith er prófessor í stjórnmálum/viðskiptatengslum (Lloyd M. Bensen, jr. chair) við Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin. Black er lektor í hagfræði og lögum við The University of Missouri-Kansas City. Íslensk þýðing: Gunnar Tómasson, hagfræðingur.
Við höfum farið gaumgæfilega yfir skýrslu AGS dags. 20. október 2009 og önnur gögn varðandi mat á sjálfbærni vergra erlendra skulda Íslands sem nú eru talar vera yfir 300% af VLF (vergi landsframleiðslu) og gætu hækkað mjög mikið ef ekki reynist kleift að viðhalda núverandi gengi krónunnar.
Við teljum þessi gögn vekja ýmsar alvarlegar spurningar.
Í AGS-skýrslunni er því haldið fram að minnka megi talsverðan hluta heildarskuldanna með því að endurskipuleggja og draga úr skuldsetningu fjölþjóða íslenzkra fyrirtækja: í raun að minnka eignir þeirra og þá væntanlega umsvif þeirra. Þessi forsenda byggir á því að hægt sé að innleysa erlendar eignir á eða nálægt skráðu andvirði þeirra. Ekkert mat er lagt á það í skýrslunni hvort hér sé um raunhæfan valkost að ræða. Okkur sýnist því bjartsýna matið varðandi hreina skuldastöðu (~ 15% af VLF) vera hæpið.
Þjóðhagslegar spár AGS fyrir Ísland gera ráð fyrir því að kröftugur vöxtur VLF fari í kjölfarið á djúpum samdrætti þrátt fyrir mjög miklar skattahækkanir og fádæma stórfelldan niðurskurð opinberra útgjalda.
Engar forsendur fyrir þessari spá felast því á innlendri eftirspurn. Spáin grundvallast á mjög mikilli aukningu hreins útflutnings sem virðist hvorki vera grundvölluð á sögulegum viðmiðum né atvinnugreinum og mörkuðum sem þegar eru til staðar. Ef gripið yrði til stórfelldrar gengislækkunar við þessar kringumstæður myndi erlenda skuldabyrðin strax hækka sem hlutfall af VLF. Eins er vandséð hvernig atvinnugrein sem verður fyrir miklum samdrætti fjárfestingar getur samtímis aukið útflutning. Augljóslega getur hugsanleg uppsveifla í hreinum útflutningi einungis átt sér stað með varanegum samdrætti innflutnings og þar með almennra lífskjara.
AGS-skýrslan lætur undir höfuð leggjast að íhuga mögulega hvetjandi áhrif mikilla skattahækkanna, niðurskurðar á opinberri þjónustu, samdráttar atvinnutekna, mögulegrar gengislækkunnar og stórfellds atvinnuleysis á flutning vinnandi fólks af landi brott. Okkur sýnist liggja í augum uppi að þær gífurlegu byrðar sem verið er að leggja á örsmáan hóp vinnandi fólks muni leiða til flutninga af landi brott. En um leið og erlendar skuldbindingar Íslands falla með sívaxandi þunga á aðra landsmenn þá verður erfiðara fyrir þá sem eftir eru og vilja búa áfram á Íslandi að gera það.
Ísland er lítið land með takmarkaðan fjölda vinnufæra einstaklinga. Við Alþingi blasir sú lykilspurning hvort það sé raunhæft að ætla að þjóðin sætti sig við þær byrðar sem Íslandi er nú fyrirskipað að axla. Við erum ekki í stakk búnir að svara þessari spurningu: við setjum hana einungis fram. Ef svarið er neikvætt er ekki aðeins íslenzka hagkerfið í húfi - heldur framtíð Íslands sem starfhæf efnahagsheild.
________________________________________
We have reviewed the IMF staff report dated October 2009 and other materials concerning the question of sustainability of Iceland's gross external debt, estimated to be over three hundred percent of GDP as of now, and liable to rise sharply if the present exchange rate cannot be maintained.
We believe that these documents raise a number of grave questions.
The IMF report argues that a substantial part of the gross debt can be reduced by restructuring and by deleveraging Icelandic multinational corporations: in effect reducing their asset holdings and presumably their operations. This assumption depends on the capacity to liquidate external assets at or near their recorded value. Nothing in the report assesses whether this is, indeed, plausible. Therefore the optimistic assessment with respect to net debt (~15 percent of GDP) appears to us questionable.
The IMF macroeconomic projections for Iceland expect a deep recession, but followed by a sharp recovery of the growth rate of real GDP - despite very large tax increases and exceptionally large reductions in public spending.
There is no basis in domestic demand for this forecast. The assumption rests on a very large increase in net exports, for which neither historical foundation nor actual industries and markets appear to have been established. If a very large currency depreciation were pursued under these conditions, that would immediately raise the external debt burden in relation to GDP. It is also difficult to see how a business sector afflicted by a large decline in investment can simultaneously expand exports. Clearly the assumed surge in net exports can be had only by a large, sustained reduction of imports, affecting both investment and consumption, and therefore living standards.
The IMF report fails to consider the potential effect of large tax increases, cuts in public services, decline in domestic income, possible currency depreciation, and catastrophic unemployment on the incentive to emigrate for working people in Iceland. It seems to us self-evident that the vast burden now being placed on a minute work force will induce emigration. And as the country's liability becomes increasingly concentrated on those who remain, it will become more difficult for those who would like to remain, to do so.
Iceland is a very small country, with a very small working population. The question facing the Althing is whether the burdens now being dictated to Iceland can reasonably be accepted by the Icelandic people. We are not in a position to answer this question: we merely pose it. If the answer is in the negative, much more than the economy may prove to be at stake - but indeed the survival of the country as a going concern.
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Greinar um Ísland og kreppuna í erlendum miðlum
- Walking up to reality in Iceland, by Jón Daníelsson
- Time to install Iceland 2.0, by Ben H Murray
- Bizarre battering of insurers, by Anthony Hilton
- European bank bail-out could push EU into crisis, by Bruno Waterfield
- In praise of Iceland, editorial
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- Iceland in turmoil as coalition collapses, by David Ibison
- Iceland Turns Hard Left
- Ireland? Iceland? Doubts on Doomsday Scenario in Eire, by Landon Thomas
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- Iceland's Conservatives Try to Rewrite History, by Íris Erlingsdóttir
- Cracks in the crust
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- Nobel prize winner blasts IMF over loans
- How Bad Could The Crisis Get? Lessons From Iceland, Jón Daníelsson
- Iceland: The country that became a hedge fund, by Peter Gumbel
- Ultra-Capitalism Killed Iceland
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- World Agenda: is this the most hated man in Iceland? by Roger Boyes
- Britain and the Netherlands bully little Iceland, by Ársæll Valfells
- Iceland gets cold feet over paying back bailout
- Latvian debt crisis shakes Eastern Europe, by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
- Iceland PM hits out at IMF rumors, by K. Már Hauksson
- Britain's 'gunboat' diplomacy still angers Iceland, by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
- A Debate Rages in Iceland: Independence vs. I.M.F. Cash, by Landon Thomas
- All Of Them Must GO, by Naomi Klein
- SFO to help Iceland as probe turns to Kaupthing's US links, by Rowena Mason
- Iceland hits impasse over lost savings, by Andrew Ward and Alex Barker
- Icelanders are angry but will make sacrifices, by Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir
- Iceland seeks UK fraud office help, by Andrew Ward
- For you, the war is over, by Andrew Hill
- Iceland poised for foreign payback pact, by Andrew Ward, Megan Murphy and Jim Pickard
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- Iceland: what ugly secrets are waiting to be exposed in the meltdown?, by Rowena Mason
- The ice storm, by Gauti Kristmannsson
- Brain drain hits cash-strapped Iceland, by Susanne Henn
- Islands nye krise, av Ola Storeng
- Iceland's bank crisis delivers baby boom, by Andrew Ward
- Is Iceland too small? By Þorvaldur Gylfason
- Iceland shows the dangers ahead for us all, by Robert Wade
- Islands Schulden sind zu teilen, Von Clemens Bomsdorf
- The IMF destroys Iceland and Latvia, by Nathan Lewis
- The Lehman Brothers collapse: the global fallout, by Richard Wachman
- Iceland urges media to lift nations gloom, by Andrew Jack
- Iceland after a year of financial crisis, by Robert Jackson
- Icelands PM: Icesave Will Decide the Coalitions Fate
- Icelands PM: We Cannot Wait for IMF Any Longer
- Iceland Reaches Agreement with IMF
- Iceland Minister Confident Icesave Bill Will Pass
- Iceland's president turns cold on Icesave deal, by Rowena Mason
Greinar um Ísland og kreppuna í innlendum miðlum
Álit erlendra sérfræðinga um orsakir efnahagshrunsins
- Undersized: Could Greenland be the new Iceland? Should it be?
- The Icelandic banking crisis and what to do about it: The lender of last resort theory of optimal currency areas
Greinar um hvers vegna Icesave eru ekki skuldir Íslendinga
Greinar um efnahagskreppuna í erlendum dagblöðum
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